IP packet switching

There are two types of packet switching, connectionless (datagram switching) and connection-oriented (virtual circuit switching). The difference is in how address information is conveyed.

The IP protocol provides fragmentation and reassembly of datagrams and error reporting. This happens because the packet contains a 16-bit identification field that identifies the current datagram and helps reconstruct datagram fragments.

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Types of MAC

Bridge,Router and Gateways

Bridge – A bridge operates at data link layer. A bridge is a repeater, with add on the functionality of filtering content by reading the MAC addresses of source and destination. It is also used for interconnecting two LANs working on the same protocol. It has a single input and single output port, thus making it a 2 port device. Types of Bridges Transparent Bridges:- These are the bridge in which the stations are completely unaware of the bridge’s existence i.e. whether or not a bridge is added or deleted from the network, reconfiguration of the stations is unnecessary. These bridges make use of two processes i.e. bridge forwarding and bridge learning. Source Routing Bridges:- In these bridges, routing operation is performed by source station and the frame specifies which route to follow. The hot can discover frame by sending a special frame called discovery frame, which spreads through the entire network using all possible paths to destination. Routers – A...

BellmanAlgorithm

How Bellman Ford's algorithm works Bellman Ford algorithm works by overestimating the length of the path from the starting vertex to all other vertices. Then it iteratively relaxes those estimates by finding new paths that are shorter than the previously overestimated paths Steps 1) This step initializes distances from source to all vertices as infinite and distance to source itself as 0. Create an array dist[] of size |V| with all values as infinite except dist[src] where src is source vertex. 2) This step calculates shortest distances. Do following |V|-1 times where |V| is the number of vertices in given graph. ….. a) Do following for each edge u-v ………………If dist[v] > dist[u] + weight of edge uv, then update dist[v] ………………….dist[v] = dist[u] + weight of edge uv 3) This step reports if there is a negative weight cycle in graph. Do following for each edge u-v ……If dist[v] > dist[u] + weight of edge uv, then “Graph contains negative weight cyc...

Internet Routing Algorithm

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